Resilient Urban Drainage System Strategies for Extreme Weather

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND SCOPE

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Design for the “New Normal”
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Distinctive Features of the Book

CHAPTER 2: EXTREME WEATHER DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Modeling Climate Change
2.2.1 The Process of Formulating Climate Change Scenarios
2.2.2 Analysis of Flooding and Disaggregation of Rainfall
2.2.3 Statistical Downscaling
2.2.4 Methods Using Empirical Transfer Functions
2.2.5 Strategies for Weather Typing or Resampling
2.2.6 Stochastic Models for Rainfall
2.2.7 Variability in Hydrology
2.3 Uncertainties in the Analysis of Climate Change Effects
2.3.1 Climate Variability and Prediction Uncertainties
2.4 Factors Accelerating Effects on Urban Drainage Systems
2.5 Climate Change and Flooding Due to Extreme Weather Events or the “New Normal”
2.5.1 How Global Warming Affects Precipitation
2.5.2 Rainfall Analysis
2.6 Average Rainfall Calculations
2.6.1 Estimating Missing Rainfall Data
2.6.2 Depth-Area-Duration Relation
2.7 Incorporating Extreme Weather in Urban Drainage Systems
2.7.1 Extreme Event Probabilities
2.7.2 Analysis of Rainfall Data Using Statistical Methods
2.7.3 Expected Rainfall Depths for a Given Probability
2.7.4 Probability of Exceedance
2.7.5 Recurrence Interval
2.7.6 Probability of Exceedance for Design Purposes
2.8 Plotting Position
2.8.1 Empirical Method
2.9 Theory of Extreme Value
2.9.1 Background
2.9.2 Generalized Extreme Value versus Generalized Pareto
2.9.3 Stationarity versus Nonstationarity in the Field of Data Analysis
2.10 Chapter Summary
2.11 Chapter Problems
Selected Sources and References

CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DRAINAGE CONVENIENCE SYSTEMS

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Evolution of Urban Drainage Systems
3.1.2 Exploring Ancient Urban Drainage Systems
3.1.3 Urban Drainage Systems in the Roman Empire
3.1.4 Post-Roman Empire Drainage System
3.1.5 Large-scale Drainage Systems in North America
3.1.6 Modern Development of Large-scale Drainage Systems
3.1.7 Current Urban Drainage Practices
3.1.8 Urban Drainage System—Emerging Trends and Innovations
3.1.9 Recognizing the Importance of Stormwater Management
3.1.10 Principles of Urban Storm Management
3.1.11 Managing Stormwater Runoff Effectively
3.1.12 Threat Presented by Insufficient Stormwater Management
3.1.13 Overcoming Challenges to Improve Stormwater Management for the “New Normal”
3.2 Urban Drainage Systems
3.2.1 Minor Stormwater Runoff Convenience Systems
3.2.2 Surface Drainage Convenience Systems
3.2.3 Underground Drainage Convenience Systems
3.2.4 Major Drainage Systems
3.2.5 Overland Stormwater Runoff Discharge Controls
3.2.6 Overland Stormwater Quality Controls
3.3 Basics of Stormwater Convenience System Design
3.3.1 The Project Site Development Process
3.3.2 Site Survey and Analysis
3.3.3 Hydrology and Hydraulic Analysis
3.3.4 Design Flood Frequency (Return Period–Years)
3.4 Time of Concentration and Travel Time
3.4.1 Methods for Calculating Time of Concentration
3.4.2 Methods for Calculating Stormwater Flow Velocity
3.5 Calculating Peak Discharge Rate and Hydrograph
3.5.1 Rational Method
3.5.2 Modified Rational Method—Flow Routing
3.5.3 NRCS or SCS Unit Hydrograph Method
3.6 Chapter Summary
3.7 Chapter Problems
Selected Sources and References

CHAPTER 4: RESETTING URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE “NEW NORMAL”

4.1. Introduction
4.1.1 Interaction between Major and Minor Drainage Systems
4.2 Overview of Current Urban Drainage System Designs and Planning Approaches
4.2.1 Challenges with Conventional Urban Drainage System Designs and Planning
4.3 Planners, Designers, and Stakeholders in Extreme Weather-Based Design Standards
4.3.1 Stakeholder Engagement
4.3.2 Collaboration with Government Entities
4.3.3 Addressing Current Vulnerability and Risk
4.3.4 Planning
4.3.5 Rules and Regulations
4.3.6 Insurance
4.4 Adapting Drainage Design Guidelines to Climate Change
4.4.1 Extreme Rainfall Event Management in Urban Areas
4.4.2 Design Return Intervals in Nonstationary Conditions
4.4.3 Stationary and Nonstationary Flood-Frequency Analysis
4.4.5 Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) Model for Stationary and Nonstationary Flood-Frequency Analysis
4.4.5 Retrofitting Existing Drainage Systems
4.5 Chapter Summary
4.6 Chapter Problems
Selected Sources and References

CHAPTER 5: SUPPLEMENTING URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA TO ACCOMMODATE THE “NEW NORMAL”

5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Infrastructure in a Nonstationary Climate
5.1.2 Understanding Urban Drainage Infrastructure Failures
5.2 Fail-Safe and Safe-to-Fail Drainage System Design Concepts
5.2.1 Safe‐to‐Fail Urban Drainage Infrastructure Development for the “New Normal”
5.2.2 Safe-to-Fail Decision Criteria to Control or Minimize the Consequences of Drainage Infrastructure Failure
5.3 Scenario-Based Robust Decision Making (RDM)
5.3.1 Application of Scenario-Based Robust Decision Making to the “New Normal”
5.3.2 Calculating Scenario-Based Robustness Metrics
5.3.3 Scenario-Based Robustness Metrics Framework
5.4 Robust Solution Analysis and Interpretation
5.5 Chapter Summary
5.6 Chapter Problems
Selected Sources and References

CHAPTER 6: EVALUATING CRITICAL DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE’S RESILIENCE TO EXTREME WEATHER

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Risk-of-Failure Categorization
6.3 Risk-of-Failure Space Development
6.4 Basic Critical Drainage Area Resilience Assessment
6.5 Indicators
6.5.1 Reliability Indicators
6.5.2 Resilience Indicators
6.5.3 Sustainability Indicators
6.6. Reliability, Resilience, and Sustainability Robustness Indices
6.7. Trade-off between Cost, Resilience Enhancement, and Option Identification
6.7.1 Take No Action/Do Nothing, Do the Minimum, or Do Something
6.7.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis
6.7.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
6.7.4 Multi-Criteria Analysis
6.8 Chapter Summary
6.9 Chapter Problems
Selected Sources and References

Index